Category: Book

Gender Stereotyping — The Subtle Discrimination

The following article was intended for an op-ed…then I found out that it is too long for an op-ed…then I started getting requests to write more.  So I said, “sure.”  I am currently working on a collection of essays focusing on issues women face in STEM.  Stay tuned, and I hope you enjoy the snippet of my new writing project.  

Also, my one Sci-Fi writing project has multiplied into two projects.  I sincerely hope the multiplication rate is slower than that of tribbles.  

 

Growing up, I always knew I did not quite fit the mold. My childhood sports of choice were figure skating and soccer. I was allowed to take figure skating classes, but was told that “soccer is for boys.” In high school, I was complemented as a fearless risk-taker. While I am certain my teachers had good intentions, I did not think that overloading my schedule with advanced calculus, physics, and computer science classes –something I excelled in — constituted as a risky move.

I am an aerospace engineer, who happens to be a woman. Over the years, I started to take interest in the inherent gender stereotype that is prevalent in our culture, especially in STEM field. A 2016 report published by National Science Board shows that women’s share of bachelor degrees in STEM field such as biology, psychology, mathematics, physical sciences, and social sciences are above or around 40%. Meanwhile, two disciplines stand out with less than 20% of women graduating with bachelor degrees — computer science and engineering. Ashcraft, et al from National Center for Women & Information Technology have published a study on stereotypes, barriers and biases women face in technology field, and offers constructive solutions. Of the many topics discussed in the 70-page report, one resonates with me the most — gender stereotype.

When we encounter someone who do not conform to our view of gender, it is natural to feel like we are interacting with some unknown entity.

What is gender stereotype? No matter how gender-neutral we all strive to be, we all associate certain activities, genre, traits, etc. to a gender — male or female. Most of the time this is a product of the culture we grew up in. We are raised with some varying form and level of gender stereotype, some more severe than other.  When we encounter someone who do not conform to our view of gender, it is natural to feel like we are interacting with some unknown entity. This feeling in itself is nothing to be ashamed of.  It is how you act upon these feelings that matters. To obtain a diverse perspective, I spoke with several female engineers and scientists. While our backgrounds and specialties may differ, we all have one thing in common — we all work in a male-dominant field.

Leave your inner fashion police at home

The fashion comments women get at work is mind-boggling. No matter how you dress, there is always someone making comments. Yet, men rarely encounter such situation. There is more to the classic “male employee makes inappropriate comments on how a female colleague dresses” scenario. A female software engineer at Google and a female aerospace engineer at Boeing both received lengthy antiquated Fashion 101 lecture from another female employee. Unfortunately, their idea of Fashion 101 is not about color-coordinating or where to get a good deal on business attire. Instead, their idea is simple and backwards: women should wear skirts. Perhaps, that is their idea of “proper business attire.” Perhaps, that is how they were taught to dress. Perhaps, they have good intentions. Sadly, they could not be more wrong. By imposing their idea of social norm ONLY to women, they are also contributing to the cycle of gender stereotype. If the same standards are not imposed on men, there is no reason why women should have to conform to the unspoken dress code.

Do not confuse tokenism for diversity

To quote Ashcraft, et al, “tokenism occurs when only a few employees belong to a particular identity group (e.g., in terms of gender, race, age, sexual-orientation), and those individuals are singled out to represent or relate to that group.” An example of where tokenism is confused for diversity is when a female employee is promoted or chosen to lead a project group, not because of her qualifications but instead of her gender. In this situation, this employee is not ready for the role, and will face struggles that may ultimately lead to her leaving the field. The misuse of diversity is a common knowledge within institutions and corporations that “promotes” diversity. As a result, when a woman is actually chosen for her qualifications, every decision she makes is met with immense scrutiny, as others wrongfully assume that she was only chosen because she is a woman. Promoting diversity by including employees from various backgrounds is indeed valuable — only if those employees are truly qualified. Do not enforce diversity just to check off a race, ethnicity, or gender box. A female nuclear engineer expresses that “[w]e also need to support each other — I can’t tell you how many times I have seen women competing for the coveted ‘token female’ slot instead of working together to destroy the quota.”

Be an ally

To all of the women I spoke with, I asked this question:

There are lots of programs encouraging younger generation of women to pursue STEM. Can you think of areas in which we are not doing enough of?

The responses, different it may be, conveyed one message loud and clear: we made progress, but we have more work to do. More “flexible work options and schedules, not just for women, but for everyone, [in order] to make sure people don’t have to choose between career and family.” Making STEM courses such as computer science mandatory, not optional, for middle and high school, because “until then, boys will continue to be culturally and socially encouraged to pursue these optional programs and girls will be discouraged, and it will be hard to remedy.” Last but not the least: the need to “teach [young women] about the adversity that is present in the work force…[and young] men to recognize the silent challenges that their female [colleagues] may be dealing with.” Having this honest conversation is crucial in raising awareness in younger generation, so the culture itself can be changed for the better.

Subtle discrimination is just as damaging as overt discrimination. Subtle discrimination sows the seeds of self-doubt and isolation. We need more allies. Being an ally can start from making small changes in our behavior, such as recognizing and respecting the difference in communication style. A stereotypical “male” speech (e.g. loud, assertive, dominating the room) is not always the most constructive way to communicate. If an action by a colleague of opposite gender annoys you, first think whether you would find the same action annoying if it came from a colleague of same gender. Gentlemen, when approached by a female colleague on the subtle discrimination they are facing, first affirm and acknowledge their experience. Give advice that is independent of gender, and focus on how to solve the problem or achieve a goal. Do not focus on how she should change her behavior, mannerism, or personality. Help her strategize, and try to offer constructive advice. Change only comes from taking action, and every action, no matter how small, counts.

Hidden Figures No More

It was back in September of 2016 when I first heard about the movie called Hidden Figures, starring Taraji P. Henson, Octavia Spencer, and Janelle Monáe.  Hidden Figures is an inspirational story about black female physicists, mathematicians and engineers who were crucial to the US Space Race, and based on the book by Margot Lee Shetterly.  I pre-ordered the book on Amazon, finished it before the movie came out, and saw the movie on the opening weekend.

The book, and also the movie, follows the lives of three extraordinary women – Dorothy Vaughan, Katherine Johnson, and Mary Jackson.  Parts of this book and the movie brought me to tears.  It was happy tears.  This story is so much more than the untold historical account of space race.  This story is about being a female aerospace engineer in 21st century America.

During the course of my high school education, I was encouraged to learn math and science.  My Calculus teachers, Ms. Schettino and Mr. Nielsen, taught me the fundamentals that I still use on a daily basis.  My Computer Science teacher, Mr. Day, introduced me to the wonderful world of programming.  I did not become a CGI artist as I once hoped, but instead I became a scientific computing and data analysis wizard, so it all worked out in the end.  My Physics teacher, Ms. Mosher, taught me how to think like an engineer – how to dissect one big problem into many smaller, easier problems.  In my high school, a woman learning math and science was not a novelty.  Yes, I lived in a liberal academic bubble.  Then college and real world came at me with one purpose in mind: to destroy all of the happy sheltering bubbles.

“Being an engineer, Mary Jackson would eventually learn, meant being the only black person, or the only woman, or both, at industry conferences for years.” – p.144, Hidden Figures

It is safe to say that every female engineer has encountered this situation at some point in their life.  In college, I was oftentimes the only female student in a group project.  In graduate school, I was, for some time, the only female graduate student studying plasma physics.  In conferences, I consider myself lucky if I see a few women in the audience.  This was true in the 1960’s, and in some disciplines, still true in the 21st century.  More and more women are entering the STEM field; however, the prevalent gender disparity in the field do discourage some from pursuing the field.  Lack of women in leadership position and media plays a role.  When you do not see someone like you succeeding in your field, what does that say about your chance of success?  It certainly is not impossible.  But are you setting up yourself for a lonely battle with no end in sight?  I believe this is true not just for women in STEM, but for every minorities in every field.  Representation matters.

“Each [woman] had cracked the hole in the wall a little wider, allowing the next talent to come through.  And now that Mary had walked through, she was going to open the wall as wide as possible for the people coming behind her.” – p.199, Hidden Figures

While I believe that things are getting better since the days of Dorothy Vaughan, Katherine Johnson, and Mary Jackson, I did encounter my fair share of doubters and gender biases.  Every snide sideways remark I get is a reminder that there are people out there who doubts my ability as an engineer because I am a woman.  Every astonished face after I say that I am an aerospace engineer is a reminder that I am a novelty because I happened to be female.  I wish for the day to come when a woman can have a profession of her desire and not cause the other people’s eyeballs to pop out of their socket.  We need more allies – both women and men – to advocate for each other.  We need more role models for women to look up to.  In college, I desperately searched for stories about female aerospace engineers that I can relate to.  While I had faith that there were other women who succeeded in my field, the fact that there was very little to no literature on them was telling.  I expanded my search to science field, and read stories about Marie Curie, Rosalind Franklin, and whatever little snippets I could find on other female scientists.

The problem here?  I cannot put myself and a chemist with two Nobel prizes on the same platform.  The female mathematicians, scientists, and engineers that usually gets highlighted in literature and media belong in the top 1% of the field.  Where is the other 99%?  The message that is being sent here, is that unless you belong in the top 1%, expect that you will leave no footprints in history, and be prepared to have your qualifications periodically questioned for the rest of the career.  The other stories – stories that was not told before – deserves to be told.  Then perhaps more people will find a role model who they can relate to, who represents them the best, who is like them.

“There was virtually no aspect of twentieth-century defense technology that had not been touched by the hands and minds of female mathematicians.” – p.189, Hidden Figures

When I read the above quote, I actually cried happy tears.  Katherine Johnson and Al Hamer coauthored papers on using stars to navigate the spacecraft in the event of onboard navigation computer failure.  Katherine and Al’s findings helped bring back the Apollo 13 astronauts.  Until I read this book, whenever I was asked why I wanted to be an engineer, I mentioned Apollo 13, and that while I did not see any female engineers in the story, I was not going to let that stop me.  I have never been more excited to have been wrong – that there was a female scientist who played a crucial role in bringing back those astronauts home.  I am proud to be able to tell the story of Katherine Johnson in the context of Apollo 13 from here on.

I am in no way black, but I can relate to the stories of Dorothy Vaughan, Katherine Johnson, and Mary Jackson.  I know what it is like to have your findings doubted and scrutinized more than your male counterparts.  I know what it is like to have to constantly advocate for yourself, then being criticized for being too aggressive (take that, Kobayashi Maru).  It is exhausting.  But when that alarm clock sounds the next morning, we all drag our tired butts out of the warm and cozy bed and do it all over again.  Why?  Because we love space.  We love science.  We love what we do.  And guess what?  There is a lot of us – engineers, mathematicians, scientists…who happens to be women.  There will be more of us.

In Hidden Figures, I was reading the proof that I am not fighting a lonely fight.  There were women who came before me, that paved the way for me, and now I am paving the way for future women who will join me in years to come.  From one aerospace engineer to another…thank you for breaking the wall enough for me to come through.  I promise I will break down the wall even more, and we will not stop until the wall is gone.

Thank you, Ms. Shetterly, for telling this story of hope, courage, and resillience.

“…the best thing about breaking a barrier was that it would never have to be broken again.” – p.200, Hidden Figures